Intentionally Left Blank: декабря 2010

Britannia

WWW.Roman-Britain.ORG
“Roman-Britain.ORG (RBO) is an Amateur Archaeological Web Site, built and maintained by Kevan White (alias Togodumnus, vide infra), a mainframe computer programmer living in the Heart of England. The heart of RBO is a collection of “clickable” maps of Roman Britain, based on the Southern Half of the Ordnance Survey Historical Map and Guide – Roman Britain, published by the O.S. (ISBN: 0-319-29027-1), the absolute sine qua non of the RBO WebSite.”
Roman Britain:
Welcome to Roman Britain, four centuries when Britain was Britannia, a province of the Roman Empire. By Guy de la Bédoyère
Roman Britain:
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.
Britannia: The LacusCurtius Resources on Roman Britain
Includes Roman Roads in Britain, by Thomas Codrington, The Roman Era in Britain by John Ward, an English translation of the chapter on Britain of the Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, George Witts’s Archaeological Handbook of the County of Gloucester and a annotated guide to internet sites on Roman Britain. copyright © BiLL Thayer
Prehistory c.10,000 BC to 43 AD
Overview of the history of pre Roman Britain. Excerpted from From Dot to Doomsday: history of Britain, from its creation by rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age, to the first great survey of its land and people, the Domesday Book. By Stephan J. Murray.
Roman Britain
Overview of the Roman occupation of Britain. Excerpted from From Dot to Doomsday: history of Britain, from its creation by rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age, to the first great survey of its land and people, the Domesday Book. By Stephan J. Murray.
An Overview of Roman Britain
“Did ordinary people suffer under a tyranny, when Rome seized power in Britain, or were there advantages to foreign rule? Dr Mike Ibeji explores the realities of British life at the time of the Romans.”
Roman Britain: From Caesar’s expedition in 55 BC to the advent of the Saxons in AD 449
Excerpted from SPQR: Encyclopedia Roman
Who was who in Roman Times: Britannia
Roman Britain: A Bibliography of Sources
“This site is the modest beginning of what I hope will become a useful tool for finding what has beenwritten about the Roman invasion and occupation of Britain. It began as a simple database of bibliographical material I had collected to aid my own further study but now seems to have a life of its own. It might in fact be better presented as a database, but I can’t justify the expense of a properhosting service. Eventually the whole site and the underlying database will be available for download as standard zip files.” Courtesy of Eric Howgate.
Glasgow University Archaeology Research Division
The University of York, Department of Archaeology
The Museum of London
From the 24 Hour Museum, September 18 2003.
Pre-Invasion Roman Helmet find could rewrite History Books
Ancient Coins of Britain
Excerpted from Digital Historia Numerorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics
The Landings of Caesar in Britain, 55 and 54 BC, Athena Review, Vol.1, No.1
Romano-British Sites and museums from the Athena Review, Vol.1, No.1 (Fall, 1995):
Topics include: List of sites and Museums, The landing of Caesar in Britain in 55 and 54 BC, Boudicca’s rebellion of 60-61 AD and The Antonine Wall in Scotland,142-155 AD.
Romano-British Sites and Museums (part 2): a guide to towns, villas, and regional museums: Athena Review, Vol.1, No.2.
“The Guide to Romano-British Sites and Museums (beginning in Vol. 1, No. 1 with I) National Museum collections and II) Forts and Military displays) continues here with III) Roman towns; IV) villas; V) Regional and local museums; and VI) Other (non-British) Roman collections in the UK. Wherever available, related Internet links are provided.”
Internal Organisation and Deposition at the Iron Age Temple on Hayling Island (Hampshire)
“This paper discusses the Iron Age phase of the ‘Celtic’ and Romano-Celtic temple excavated on Hayling Island 1976-81.” By Anthony King and Grahame Soffe.
The Roman Town of Caistor St. Edmund, Norfolk
The Wroxeter Hinterland Project, University of Birmingham Field Archaeology Unit
“A 3-year regional archaeological project, started in September 1994 and funded jointly by the University of Birmingham and the Leverhulme Trust, the Wroxeter Hinterland Project aims to study rural-urban relationships between the Roman town of Viroconium Cornoviorum (present-day Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, county Shropshire) and its social and economic hinterland from the Later Pre-Roman Iron Age to the sub-Roman period, centering on processes of Romanisation.”
The Roman Painted House at Dover, England
“The Roman Painted House, the finest Roman House on show in Britain, was discovered by Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit. Twenty five years of excavation across ancient Dover by the Unit have uncovered 50 major structures. The Painted House was the best preserved and is now a major tourist attraction. Built about A.D. 200 it formed part of a large mansion or official hotel, for travellers crossing the Channel. It stood outside the great naval fort of the Classis Britannica, but in A.D. 270 it was demolished by the Roman army during the construction of a larger fort. Three of its main rooms were then buried substantially intact under its ramparts.”
Roman cadastration in Britain, and ancient land management, U. of East Anglia
The School of Information Systems home page for computer-based research on ancient systems of land management., University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Trent & Peak Archaeological Trust, The University of Nottingham
Trent & Peak Archaeological Trust (originally the Trent Valley Archaeological Research Committee) was formed in 1967 to carry out archaeological research on the gravels of the river Trent. Working principally in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, the Trust also undertakes projects further afield. However,the emphasis remains on archaeological research within the region, and it is here that the Trust’s strengths and expertise lie.
Romans in Sussex
“Welcome to the Romans in Sussex Website. The site is intended to provide an in-depth look into how people may have lived in the Sussex region during the later Iron Age, the Roman period, and early Anglo-Saxon times.”
Research on Roman Purbeck
” The natural resources of Purbeck, the south-eastern portion of Dorset in England, have been exploited at least since the Bronze Age, and while the quarrying of Purbeck limestone and the production of ornaments and furniture from the Kimmeridge shale were important industries in the Roman period, we are still sadly ill-informed about their importance in the economy of Roman Britain.The purpose of these pages is to display the state of my research on the subject, in the hope that other students will comment, criticise and guide me, and maybe develop their own work as a result of reading my small contribution. ”
Roman Villas in Britain
Excellent introduction to the topic by By Guy de la Bédoyère.
The Romano-British Villa at Easton Maudit
The results of a ten year excavation conducted on the site of a Romano-British Villa at Easton Maudit.
Bignor Roman villa
Roman villa in West Sussex. Courtesy of Pyrrha’s Roman Pages.
Barcombe Roman Villa 2003 Update.
“In 2003 the excavation at Barcombe concentrated on the area immediately to the east of the main villa building (Building 2), and the area stretching to the south-east where last year we found the tessellated floor in a new building (Building 3). A number of exciting new features were located during the excavation”
The Romans at Woodchester.
“In AD 43 the Emperor Claudius ordered the invasion of England and by the end of the first century England was fully occupied by the Romans although only the south and east of the country were fully developed. Woodchester lay in this developed region. The Cotswolds were one of the richest and most valuable parts of Roman Britain. They built the magnificent Villa probably during the reign of Hadrian (AD 117-138.) There are a number of theories about the origins and purpose of the villa” Courtesy of the Museum of London Archaeology homepage”
Bath The Official Roman Baths Museum Web Site: The Best Preserved Spa from the Ancient World
Bath
Excerpted from Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome by Leo C. Curran.
Romans in Staffordshire
Roman Kempsey
History of the Roman occupation of Kempsey village, Worcestershire, England. Excerpted from The History of Kempsey.
Thetford Forest Archaeology- Romano-British Finds.
“The site of a previously unrecorded Roman settlement was discovered in the Forest during the initial phase of the project. The settlement probably covered around 3 hectares, and included at least one substantial building, with a tiled roof.”
Silchester Roman Town: The Insula IX ‘Town Life’ Project
“The Silchester Town Life Project was established in 1997 by the Department of Archaeology, the University of Reading. The project is both a training Field School and a research excavation located in the heart of Calleva Atrebatum, a major Roman civitas capital (administrative centre), situated in the modern village of Silchester, in the county of Hampshire (England). The excavation will trace the Iron Age origins, subsequent Roman development and eventual abandonment of approximately one-third of Insula IX, believed to have been a part of the town devoted to industrial and commercial activity, as well as residential use.”
VirtualRoman Leicester: A Digital Recreation of ‘Ratae Corieltauvorum’ 210AD
“Using a skill known as architectural forensics, and working with archaeologists from the University of Leicester, Dr Douglas Cawthorne and Researcher Assistant George Watson have brought to 3D life, buildings known to have existed in the city, the first tage of the ‘Virtual Roman Leicester’ project.”
piercebridge.com: a virtualRoman settlement
“In the time of the Roman empire Britain was invaded and became a part of the empire. The Romans advanced North, building defences and roads. Ones such road called ‘Dere street’ passed through a small settlement in what is now County Durham. At this point it had to cross the River Tees, a bridge was built, and a fort after to defend the bridge. The settlement grew and became’Piercebridge’”.
The Chester Project: Reconstructing Roman Chester
“The Chester Project is a long term project to reconstruct, using computer graphics, the Roman Legionary fortress of the mid-third century AD, a time when the fortress was in it’s most complete.”
The Roman Ellipetical Building at Chester:Deva The Flavian Capital of Britannia(?)
“The remarkable structure known as the ‘Elliptical Building’ stood in the central division of the legionary fortress of Deva , occupying most of the insula lying to the dextral rear (north-west) of the headquarters building (principia).”
The Defences of Chester: Reconstructing the Defences of Chester
“Welcome to the homepage of a reconstruction project to support the recently published report on the defences of Chester. Although the project currently depicts the early and middle Roman periods, it will ultimately encompass all major periods up to the present, bearing in mind also that the term ‘defences’ tends to lose its relevance as we approach the present.
The Aerial photo gallery of Roman Ruins in England
Excerpted from Aerial Photography of Historical Places in UK (England and Wales). Photographers Adrian Warren and Dae Sasitorn.
The Romans in Northern England
Oxford Classics Picture archive
West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service
“At the heart of the Advisory Service’s work is the West Yorkshire Historic Environment Record. This Record is the basis for a wide range of Information on West Yorkshire’s Heritage, developed by the Service’s specialist staff for a variety of audiences, as well as being the basis for its Education Services. It is also the foundation for the Planning and Development Advice provided by the Service, the framework for which is set out in the Service’s Policies and Strategies. The Advisory Service actively encourages voluntary-sector engagement, and provides Useful Contacts for those wishing to begin exploring West Yorkshire’s past. In return, it asks individuals and groups who find new archaeological remains to Report a Discovery.”
Britannia Military History Bibliographical Database
“The bibliography consists of papers and books all published broadly since the 1970’s, plus a separate listing of modern editions of classical authors.The bibliography is drawn from material collected by Dr James Stewart and Peter Green.”
The Roman Army in Britain“A complete listing of the evidence on the ground for the Roman Army in Britain, its fortresses, forts, watchtowers, temporary camps, depots and industrial sites, together with back ground on the army and its sites” © Peter Green 2004
Romano-British Sites and Museums (part I): a guide to Roman forts and related museums: from Athena Review, Vol.1, No.1.
“This following guide, meant for both travellers and students, begins here with the categories of I) National museums; and II)Roman forts and related museums.”
Caerhun Roman Fort: Kanovium Project
History of the Roman military occupation of the site.
Roman Frontiers in Britain and Germany
Excellent introduction to Hadrian’s Wall, the Antonine Wall, Roman fortifications along the Gask ridge and the Raetian limes. The site includes maps and photographs.
Hadrian’s Wall: World Heritage Site.
“Hadrian’s Wall is the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain. It is the best known frontier in the entire Roman Empire and stands as a reminder of past glories of one of the world’s greatest civilisations. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1987, Hadrian’s Wall ranks alongside the Taj Mahal and other treasures of the great wonders of the world.”
Wallnet: Hadrian’s Wall Education Site
” Courtesy of the Museum of Antiquities Hadrian’s Wall: World Heritage Site.”
Hadrian’s Wall
“One of the greatest monuments to the power – and limitations – of the Roman Empire, Hadrian’s Wall ran for 73 miles across open country. Why was it built”. Courtesy of About Scotland History
Hadrian’s Wall
By Guy de la Bédoyère. “This is based on work done for my Tempus Guide to Hadrian’s Wall”
Hadrian’s Timber Wall
“Between Hadrian’s Wall and the ditch to north, archaeologists have found three lines of double postholes running parallel to the Wall, which may represent an early timber ‘Wall’, albeit temporary, comprising a box rampart and the ditch. This was almost certainly the largest structure timber ever built in this country, its full extent is not known for certain, but it was quite probably 117 km long, and would have required an estimated 2.5 million trees.” Theoretical Structual Archaeology: A blog by Geoff Carter
A New Hadrian’s Wall Bronze Cup
By Guy de la Bédoyère. “In 2003 metal-detectorist Kevin Blackburn found a small enamelled Roman bronze cup in Staffordshire. It was a very exciting find because of the inscription that had been engraved around the top. ”
Replica of Rudge Cup
A Roman souvenir of Hadrian’s Wall. Courtesy of the British Museum
The Inscription on the “Moorlands Patera”
“In July 2003, the Portable Antiquities Scheme in the U.K. announced the discovery by amateur metal detectorists in the county of Staffordshire of a well-preserved, enameled alloy pan (or patera), which was inscribed with a text of geographical importance.”
Enamelled Bronze Pan
A Roman souvenir of Hadrian’s Wall. Courtesy of the British Museum
Hadrian’s Wall – Cawfields
Excerpted from Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome by Leo C. Curran.
Hadrian’s Wall – Housteads
Excerpted from Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome by Leo C. Curran.
Welcome to Vercovicium
This page is your starting point to a tour of Housesteads Fort. The fort was constructed as one of twelve in the frontier system known as Hadrian’s Wall.
Hadrian’s Wall – Newcastle
Excerpted from Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome by Leo C. Curran.
Hadrian’s Wall – Steel Rigg
Excerpted from Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome by Leo C. Curran.
Hadrian’s Wall – Walltown Crags
Excerpted from Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome by Leo C. Curran.
Arbeia Roman fort and Museum on AboutBritain.com
“Situated beyond the easternmost point of Hadrian’s Wall, Arbeia Roman Fort stood guard at the mouth of the River Tyne. Built in AD 160s, the stone fort at South Shields played an essential role in the mighty frontier system which stretched across the width of the country, marking the northern boundaries of the Roman Empire.”
Arbeia Roman fort at South Shields.
This is a shortened version of an article originally published in Current Archaeology 133, which also has additional photos and plans.
Concangis-The story of the 1990-91 excavations on part of the Roman site of Chester-le street.
Vindolanda.
“When you visit Roman Vindolanda and the Roman army Museum you are in the Heart of Hadrian’s Wall country- Rome’s mighty Northern Frontier.”
Vindolanda Tablets Online.
“This online edition of the Vindolanda writing tablets, excavated from the Roman fort at Vindolanda in northern England, includes the following elements: Tablets – a searchable online edition of the tablets (volumes I and II) Exhibition – an introduction to the tablets and their context Reference – a guide to aspects of the tabletsÕ content Help – navigation and using the site”
Imaging Roman Stilus Tablets, A.K.Bowman and J.M.Brady, University of Oxford
“In addition to an exceptional quantity of well-preserved ink writing-tablets, Vindolanda has also produced a large number of stilus tablets; the 46 examples discovered in the 1990s bring the total to around 200, of which many have visible remains of writing. There are, of course, a few which are relatively straightforward to read (particularly the addresses on the back), but the majority of tablets from Vindolanda and in museums and collections elsewhere remain intractable and unread. The problems posed by the majority of such stilus tablets, in which the wax surface has perished and we are left with traces of incision where the stilus penetrated the wax to the wood beneath, are familiar. We cannot read them because we cannot see the incisions clearly enough; the incisions are often incomplete especially at the ends of strokes; they are often palimpsest; the visibility of the text is undermined by wood grain and other casual damage.”
Welcome to the Museum of Antiquities’ Virtual Mithraeum.
“Explore the ruins of the 3rd century temple to the Roman god Mithras at Carrawburgh on Hadrians Wall, and the reconstruction on display in the Museum of Antiquities at the University of Newcastle, through Virtual Reality. If any objectinterests as you look around just click on the relevant hotspots to learn more aboutthat object.”
Segedunum: Archaeological Park and Museum.
A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose By James Curle, F.S.A. S COT ., F.S.A. Glasgow 1911
“Originally published by James Maclehose and Sons for the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. This edition prepared for The Trimontium Trust with funding from The Heritage Lottery Fund, Tweed Forum, and others who have contributed to Phase II of the Tweed Rivers Interpretation Project.”
The Three Hills Roman Heritage Centre
“…housing the registered Trimontium Museum, is based in The Ormiston, The Square, Melrose and tells the story of “A Roman Frontier Post and its People.”.
A Roman Frontier Post and Its Peoples
By James Curle , F.S.A. SCOT., F.S.A.
Roman Scotland: Outpost of an Empire.
“Our Roman collection is currently not on display in the Museum. However we have retained the “virtual” Romans section on our website for education users while we develop a new Roman Gallery and Antonine Wall Interpretation Centre which will open to the public in 2008.”
The Antonine Wall
Overview of the Antonine occupation of Scotland and the Antonine Wall. Excerpted from Roman Frontiers in Britain and Germany.
The Antonine Wall in Scotland
Athena Review Vol.1, no.1
Sections of the Antonine Wall at Hillfoot Cemetery
Athena Review Vol.1, no.1
The Roman Fort and Bath at Bearsden, Scotland
Athena Review Vol.1, no.1
The Roman Frontiers in Britain Hadrian’s Wall – Antonine Wall
“The website about the Roman Frontiers in Britain is part of an international DVD Project about the Roman Frontiers in Europe.”
The Roman Gask Project
“This web site, which is still under construction, has excavation reports, including plans and pictures, and bibliographic references for sites in the Roman Gask area. There is also material covering other Limes and in particular signalling on Roman frontiers.”
Signalling and the Design of the Gask Ridge System
“This paper attempts to describe the signalling arrangements of the Gask Ridge and the influence these may have had on the general layout of the system, in an effort to understand the purpose and context of the Roman line” By D. J. Woolliscroft. Excerpted from the The Roman Gask Project.
More thoughts on why the Romans failed to conquer Scotland
By D. J. Woolliscroft. Excerpted from the The Roman Gask Project.
Archaeology versus Tacitus’ Agricola, a 1st Century Worst Case Scenario
A lecture given to the Theoretical Archaeology Group conference, held in Dublin, 15th December, 2001 Birgitta Hoffman. Excerpted from the The Roman Gask Project.
Agricola He Came He Saw, but did He Conquer? :A review of the reassessment of first century Roman activity in Scotland
By D. J. Woolliscroft. Excerpted from the The Roman Gask Project.
Roman Glass from the North of Scotland.
By Birgitta Hoffmann. Excerpted from the The Roman Gask Project.
To Scotland then they came, burning
“The emperor Severus attempted genocide in Scotland, writes Colin Martin.” British Archaeology, no 6, July 1995.
Severus in Scotland
Presented at the Severan Conference International Centre for Severan Studies by John Purtell 31 May, 1996.
The Newstead Project
“Newstead Roman fort is one of the most important archaeological sites in Scotland. Eighteen centuries ago it was one of the main command centres of the Roman army in Scotland, at the edge of the Empire that extended to Syria and the Sahara. From here at Newstead has come one of the most outstanding collections of objects from anywhere in that massive Empire. The objects give an unmatched picture of the everyday life of the Roman frontier soldier and his companions, from their common wooden tent pegs to awe-inspiring parade armour. Now these form the centrepiece of the National Museums’ Roman collections. The finds were made in excavations at the beginning of this century, but from 1989 Newstead is being made the centre of an exciting new programme of field research sponsored by the National Museums of Scotland, using the most modem scientific techniques.”
The History of Plumbing – Roman and English Legacy.
Roman Amphoras in Britain by Paul Tyers
This paper is a survey to the principal classes of amphoras circulating in Britain during the Roman period (1st c. BC – 4th c. AD). The form, fabric, sources, contents and dating of each type are described in a series of Atlas Pages, accompanied by a series of computer generated maps. The Atlas pages can also be accessed through a clickable map, based on the source of the amphoras, through a time-line, showing which types are circulating at any period, a visual index, as well as through a full text search. The supporting data includes a bibliography and a database of records of the distribution of these amphoras in Britain.
Study Group for Roman Pottery
“The Study Group for Roman Pottery, (SGRP), was formed in 1971 to further the study of pottery of the Roman period in Britain. It provides a forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest research, and of issues affecting the subject and its practitioners.”
The Celts and the Romans in Britain
“In the Iron Age, the people of Britain lived in tribes. Today these people are often called ‘Celts’. Use this site to discover more about the history and way of life of these ancient people.” Courtesy of Nigel Cross.
Who were the Celts ?
A brief introduction to the Celtic culture, history and lanaguage.
Simon James’s ANCIENT CELTS PAGE
An experimental home page, presenting “some stuff” about the peoples referred to as Ancient Celts written from the view point of an archaeologist.
The Significance of Celtic Coinage
A history of Celtic coinage in Britain.
The Celtic Coin Index
The Celtic Coin Index is a collection of approximately 29,000 images of Celtic coins found in Britain. On the following pages you can find more information about the Index, about Celtic coins in general, and about our plans for making the Index more widely available.
The Celtic Coin Index on the Web.
“The British Celtic Coin Index Records from 1961 to 2001 are now online! This means you now have access to over 28,000 records and images of British Celtic coins, a remarkable resource for study! For more information on the history of this project, see the History FAQ.”
Description by Tacitus of the rebellion of Boudicca (Tacitus, Annals, Book XIV, Chapters 29-37.):from Athena Review, Vol.1, No.1.
Boudicca, the Queen of the Iceni, led a revolt against the Roman military in AD 60-61: from Athena Review, Vol.1, No.1.
Boudica’s last battle
Article on the Iceni rebellion, by Mark Marix Evans. courtesy of Osprey Publishing.
Brigantia: The Iron Age Celtic Re-enactment Society
BRIGANTIA is an historical re-enactment society dedicated to the pagan Celts of Southern Britain of the first century BC.
The Celts Group Carnyx
“The Celts Group CARNYX – named after a Celtic war trumpet – was founded in spring 1999 by archaeologists and historically interested people from TŸbingen and its environs. At present the group consists of approximately 10 members. The main aim of CARNYX is to present the Celtic era of European prehistory as detailed and realistically as possible. Archaeological findings supplemented by information from antique history writers are the main source for the reconstruction of Celtic dress, jewellery, tools and weapons.”
Iceni
“We are a Reenactment group that studies the history and culture of the tribes of Iron-Age Britain. We are based at the Iron-Age site of Lafe, Arkansas. Our members are situated in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. On this site you will find information on how to do living history as a person living in the times of the second Roman invasion of Briton, roughly A.D.43 to A.D.100. The Iceni tribe is best known for Queen Boudica who in A.D.60 rebelled against Roman rule for ruthless acts against her and her people.”
Vicus: Romans and Britons
“The Vicus is an Iron age and early Roman re-enactment society that interprets history through the media of experimental archaeology, reconstruction and living history.”
Gallico-Belgae: Celtic Iron-Age Re-enactment Troop
“As Living Historians, our goal is to present an accurate portrayal of the Iron-Age Celts to enlighten and entertain the public. We will attend events such as the Lafe, AR meet, Roman Days in Maryland, or various “timeline” events. Often, we will interact with, and coordinate with Roman and other “ancient period” re-enactors”
Texas Coritani
“The Texas Coritani is a living history group that attempts to recreate the lifestyles of the inhabitants of the British Isles during the late Iron Age, sometimes referred to as the La Tene period. That is, roughly from 350 BC to the 1st century AD”
Celtae Comatae
“‘Celtae Comatae’: a young living history and re-enactment organisation. We dust off the Iron Age Celts from the 1st century B.C. In this way we give new life to the brave adversaries of Julius Caesar, prepare the fireplace and install the looms.”
Gaesatae: Recreating Ancient Celtic History
“Based in San Jose, CA, Gaesatae was formed to demonstrate the life an customs of Iron Age Celtic culture, through language, crafts, and displays based on archeological evidence and primary sources.”
Welcome to the Butser Ancient Farm
“This World famous site founded by Dr P J Reynolds is the open air laboratory for research into Prehistoric and Roman agriculture and building techniques.”
Celtic Page
Courtesy of the of Legio XIIII Re-enactment Society.
Celtic History, Warfare & Armory
Courtesy of Steven A. Culbreath.
Burial practices reveal secret Celtic worship in Britain despite Roman occupation
“Old Celtic practices continued to thrive in Britain during and after the 5th century AD despite Roman occupation and the introduction of Christianity, according to a new book by a University of Queensland academic.”
Galgacus: On Roman Imperialism.
From Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, 29-33 c.98 CE, Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. Courtesy of the Internet Ancient History Sourcebook.
Birmingham Roman Roads Project.
A guide to to the Roman road net in the province of Britannia with particular focus on the Birmingham region. Project leader Peter Leather.
Roman Roads in Britain by Thomas Codrington published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge London, 1903.
A Web-enhanced version courtesy of LacusCurtius by Bill Thayer.
Roman roads that reshaped the land
“Roman roads may have been resented as symbols of Roman power, writes Rob Witcher.” British Archaeology, no 27, September 1997
The Council for British Archaeology: Internet Information Service.
The Council for British Archaeology works to advance the study and care of Britain’s historic environment, and to improve public awareness of Britain’s past.
Hibernia
Brief history of the province excerpted from UNRV History- Roman Empire.
Yes, the Romans did invade Ireland.
British Archaeology, no 14, May 1996.
Togidubnus and the Roman liberation.
British Archaeology, no 37, September 1998.
Index to The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (RIB) :Athena Review, Subject Index
“Writings on altars, tombstones, milestones, and other monuments provide us with a wealth of sources on Roman Britain. These texts have been compiled into a two-volume work entitled The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (abbreviated RIB), edited by R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright (1965, Oxford, Clarendon Press). Volume 1 lists inscriptions on stone, and Volume 2 contains writings on other materials. ÊEach inscription is individually numberedÊand grouped by site. Thus, RIB-191 through -212 includes all catalogued inscriptions from Colchester. These listings are widely used by archaeologists, historians, and museums, where many of the inscriptions may be seen. ”
The Portable Antiquities Scheme
“Welcome to the website for the national Portable Antiquities Scheme. The scheme has been set up to promote and co-ordinate the recording of archaeological finds in England and Wales. This website provides access to the national Portable Antiquities Database and to information and resources relating to the Portable Antiquities Scheme.”
Archaeology UK
“Welcome to Archaeology UK the home of ARCHI, the fully-searchable database of the positions of more than 115,000 UK Archaeological sites. Most of the sites in the database are linked to an aerial photograph of the site plus a local road map and many are also linked to Victorian Ordnance Survey maps.”
From Rapier to Langsax: Sword Structure in the British Isles in the Bronze and Iron Ages
Copyright © 1995 by Niko Silvester.
Late Roman and Dark Age Historians of Britain
“The transition from ancient to medieval times viewed over six centuries, from Ammianus to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.” Athena Review Vol.I, no.2
Roman Britain
“Essays on the Roman province of Britannia, from Caesar’s expedition in 55 BC to the advent of the Saxons in AD 449.” Excerpted from SPQR: Encyclopedia Romana by James Grout.
Late Roman Yorkshire: A Website Dedicated to Yorkshire in the Fourth Century
“The fourth century and the beginning of the fifth saw the final collapse of Roman authority in Britain, but also the most prosperous period in its history.”
The South-East Facade of Meonstoke Aisled Building
“Excavations at Meonstoke, Hants (NGR SU 616210) 1984-91 revealed part of a late Roman aisled building with an exceptionally well-preserved fallen wall. Evidence for the reconstruction of this wall, and the building as a whole is presented,together with analysis of the proportions and mensuration used by the original builders.” By Anthony King with drawings by Stephen Crummy.
The Pictish Nation
“Welcome to the world’s first web site dedicated to the Picts! In here I want to make some things available to potential Pictophiles and all others who come to visit.”
The Pictish Chronicle: MS. COLB. BIB. IMP. PARIS, 4126.
“There are several versions of the Pictish Chronicle. This the so-called `A’ text, which is probably the oldest, and also the fullest. It also seems to have fewer errors than other versions.” Translation © by T.H.Weeks. Commentary © by A.Weeks.
The Saxon Shore Forts: Coastal defenses of Roman Britain:Romano-British Sites & Museums II: Athena Review, Vol.1, no.2
“The Saxon Shore Forts were built by the Romans in the late 3rd century AD along the southeast coast of Britain to guard against increasing invasion and piracy by Germanic tribes including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.”
Roman “Saxon Shore” Forts
Map of military installations known as the ‘Saxon Shore Forts’ 370 AD. Copyright ©2002 Britannia.com, LLC.
The Saxon Shore Forts
“Distributed along the south east coast of England is a set of military installations, built during the Roman occupation, known as the ‘Saxon Shore Forts”
Roman Britons after 410
” The ‘end of Roman Britain’ is a myth.” Roman culture survived right through the Anglo-Saxon period. Martin Henig explains. Courtesy of British Archaeology Issue no 68, December 2002
Decline and fall
“Roman culture was fading in Britain from the early 200s. It had all but gone a century later. Neil Faulkner looks at the evidence. Courtesy of British Archaeology Issue no 55, October 2000
A Gazetteer of Sub-Roman Britain (AD 400-600):the British Sites
Courtesy of Christopher A Snyder
Sub- Roman Britain: A Guide to Online Resources
Courtesy of the ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies.
Sub- Roman Britain: An Introduction
By Christopher Snyder. Courtesy of the ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies.
The Ruin and Conquest of Britain 400 A.D. – 600 A.D.:A Reconstruction by Howard Wiseman.
Centuries of Roman survival in the West
“Evidence of the late survival of Roman culture in western Britain extends far beyond the well known remains of Wroxeter. Ken Dark reports” Courtesy of British Archaeology, Issue no 32, March 1998.
Vortigern Studies
Vortigern Studies is an initiative based in the Netherlands, dedicated to the study of the period between the Roman occupation of Britain and the Early Middle Ages.
Wansdyke Project 21
“Wansdyke Project 21, which is launched through this website, has the aim to support the preservation of the ancient monument known as Wansdyke. This earthwork is severely threathened in some places by modern activities such as building and agriculture, and may be lost if no action is taken to schedule more parts of it. Wansdyke Project 21 aims to endorse this by making it better known to the general public by discussing all aspects of this unique Dark Ages earthwork.”
The End of Roman Britain: Assessing the Anglo-Saxon Invasions of the Fifth Century.
by William Bakken.
David Nash Ford’s Early British Kingdoms
The History of all those little known kingdoms that existed in Britain during the Age of King Arthur.
Britannia
“Welcome… …to the webpages of Britannia. One of the oldest (and largest) groups in the UK portraying the late Roman period. See our impression of life and combat on a small island on the edge of a dying Roman Empire and the end of the Classical age.”
Book Reviews

Potter, T. W. , and Catherine Johns, Roman Britain
Reviewed by G.B. and A.S. Bailey

Peter Salway, The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain.
Reviewed by Anthony A. Barrett

Martin Henig, Art of Roman Britain.
Reviewed by Tracy Furlonger

Stanley Ireland, Roman Britain: A Sourcebook.
Reviewed by Christopher A. Snyder

Georgia L. Irby-Massie, Military Religion in Roman Britain.
Reviewed by Christopher A. Snyder

M.E.Jones, The End of Roman Britain.
Reviewed by A.T. Fear

G.D.B. Jones, D.J. Woolliscroft,Hadrian’s Wall from the Air.
Reviewed by Kai Brodersen